U.S. News. Full Menu. Иммануи́л Кант — немецкий философ, один из центральных мыслителей эпохи Просвещения. Всесторонние и систематические работы Канта в области эпистемологии, метафизики.
Advance: концепция Макрона о воинственной и сильной Европе ошибочна
Emmanuel Kant (@kant_authentic) sur TikTok |66.4K j'aime.23.8K e la dernière vidéo de Emmanuel Kant (@kant_authentic). Immanuel Kant e il nazismo | ». Новости компаний. Settings and more. Buffering. Emmanuelle Kant (Original Mix) (our 2nd recordeal!) BESTINSPACE ™. Полузащитник Н’Голо Канте после подписания контракта с саудовским клубом «Аль-Иттихад» приобрел профессиональный футбольный клуб в Бельгии. Об этом сообщает журналист Саша.
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Иммануил Кант с младенчества, просто по праву рождения, был зачислен в гильдию шорников. Reform of institutions: Emmanuel Macron receives François Hollande at the Élysée. не столько повествование о «последних днях» немецкого философа, сколько собрание любопытных фактов, легенд и баек об Иммануил Кант — на странице писателя вы найдёте биографию, список книг и экранизаций, интересные факты из жизни, рецензии читателей и цитаты из книг.
Канте купил клуб в Бельгии после подписания контракта «Аль-Иттихадом»
Hi there, my name is Emmanuel Kant Duarte and welcome to my profile. Connect with me: Image of linkedin logo Image of Earth Planet Image of twitter bird Image of YouTube logo Image of codepen. Emmanuel Kant, Gravure sur bois, publiée en 1881. Chronicle of Normand Baillargeon: thinking about education with Emmanuel Kant. With an eye to Kant’s work, a philosopher and a sociologist argue that the Uber project robs drivers of their dignity.
‘Nothing would survive’ Scientists warn dark energy could ‘END universe at any moment’
Veröffentlichungen von Kant, Emmanuel. Эммануэль, но не Кант! Шольц для Путина является более весомой фигурой, который представляет интересы бизнеса Германии. Путин видит давление, которому подвергается. Эммануэль Кант, 07.08.2001. Доступны для просмотра фотографии, лайки, образование. Иммануил Кант-немецкий философ, родоначальник немецкой классической философии, стоящий на грани эпох Просвещения и Романтизма. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is the central figure in modern philosophy. He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy.
Ипохондрик, гений и городская звезда: 5 фактов об Иммануиле Канте
Специальная сессия «Наследие Иммануила Канта для современных международных отношений» в Калининграде 231 23 апреля 2024 г. Канта при участии Института Европы РАН — провели специальную научно-экспертную сессию «Наследие Иммануила Канта для современных международных отношений». В ходе мероприятия участники рассмотрели широкий спектр проблем теории и практики современных международных отношений и безопасности через призму политической и международно-правовой мысли выдающегося философа. В центре внимания не только наиболее острые проблемы развития современного политического миропорядка, глобальной и региональной безопасности, но и обстановка в Балтийско-Арктическом регионе, а также вопросы мирового социально-экономического и политического развития.
Гости: Александр Федоров, ректор Балтийского федерального университета имени Иммануила Канта, и Алексей Козырев, исполняющий обязанности декана философского факультета Московского государственного университета имени М. Лаб: все выпуски.
Ведь как-никак, а Кант родился в Кёнигсберге, его жизнь и становление как мыслителя эпохи прошло именно здесь. А вот если вы живёте в другой местности, то у вас, вероятнее всего, есть свои герои, знаменитые земляки, то всё у вас весьма смутно в отношении его биографии, скорее всего. Ну а для Калининграда Кант уже давно стал что называется, лицом города. Множественная и разнообразная туристическая атрибутика - магнитики, статуэтки, открытки с его изображением и цитатами буквально заполонила сувенирные лавки города. Это время вошло в историю как эпоха Просвещения и Кант был одним из самых интеллектуально одарённых людей того времени. Последующие поколения философов черпали и черпают по сей день идеи из трудов мыслителей эпохи Просвещения, в частности, из идей и трудов Иммануила Канта. Эммануэль Кант родился 22 апреля 1724 года в Кёнигсберге, в лютеранской семье не очень богатой, но порядочной и благочестивой. Он был крещён, но позже изменил написание своего имени на Иммануил после того, как стал изучать иврит. Его талант, как мыслителя и философа, проявился довольно рано, а прожил он довольно длинную жизнь - он умер в возрасте почти восьмидесяти лет, 12 февраля 1804 - и на развитие своей теории у него в жизни было достаточно времени. Метафизика, мораль и религия - совокупность этих понятий он рассматривал как совокупность теперь уже знакомых нам вопросов: "Что я могу знать? А вот антропология в его теории занимала высшее место и призвана была ответить на ещё один немаловажный и не менее знакомый нам вопрос: "Что такое человек? Обыкновенный человек. Или необыкновенный? Всего шестнадцати лет от роду Иммануил поступил в Кёнигсбергский университет.
In short, Kant has a formal conception of self-consciousness rather than a material one. Since no particular content of my experience is invariable, self-consciousness must derive from my experience having an invariable form or structure, and consciousness of the identity of myself through all of my changing experiences must consist in awareness of the formal unity and law-governed regularity of my experience. The continuous form of my experience is the necessary correlate for my sense of a continuous self. There are at least two possible versions of the formal conception of self-consciousness: a realist and an idealist version. On the realist version, nature itself is law-governed and we become self-conscious by attending to its law-governed regularities, which also makes this an empiricist view of self-consciousness. The idea of an identical self that persists throughout all of our experience, on this view, arises from the law-governed regularity of nature, and our representations exhibit order and regularity because reality itself is ordered and regular. Kant rejects this realist view and embraces a conception of self-consciousness that is both formal and idealist. According to Kant, the formal structure of our experience, its unity and law-governed regularity, is an achievement of our cognitive faculties rather than a property of reality in itself. Our experience has a constant form because our mind constructs experience in a law-governed way. In other words, even if reality in itself were law-governed, its laws could not simply migrate over to our mind or imprint themselves on us while our mind is entirely passive. We must exercise an active capacity to represent the world as combined or ordered in a law-governed way, because otherwise we could not represent the world as law-governed even if it were law-governed in itself. Moreover, this capacity to represent the world as law-governed must be a priori because it is a condition of self-consciousness, and we would already have to be self-conscious in order to learn from our experience that there are law-governed regularities in the world. So it is necessary for self-consciousness that we exercise an a priori capacity to represent the world as law-governed. But this would also be sufficient for self-consciousness if we could exercise our a priori capacity to represent the world as law-governed even if reality in itself were not law-governed. In that case, the realist and empiricist conception of self-consciousness would be false, and the formal idealist view would be true. Self-consciousness for Kant therefore involves a priori knowledge about the necessary and universal truth expressed in this principle of apperception, and a priori knowledge cannot be based on experience. The next condition is that self-consciousness requires me to represent an objective world distinct from my subjective representations — that is, distinct from my thoughts about and sensations of that objective world. Kant uses this connection between self-consciousness and objectivity to insert the categories into his argument. In order to be self-conscious, I cannot be wholly absorbed in the contents of my perceptions but must distinguish myself from the rest of the world. But if self-consciousness is an achievement of the mind, then how does the mind achieve this sense that there is a distinction between the I that perceives and the contents of its perceptions? According to Kant, the mind achieves this sense by distinguishing representations that necessarily belong together from representations that are not necessarily connected but are merely associated in a contingent way. Imagine a house that is too large to fit into your visual field from your vantage point near its front door. Now imagine that you walk around the house, successively perceiving each of its sides. Eventually you perceive the entire house, but not all at once, and you judge that each of your representations of the sides of the house necessarily belong together as sides of one house and that anyone who denied this would be mistaken. But now imagine that you grew up in this house and associate a feeling of nostalgia with it. You would not judge that representations of this house are necessarily connected with feelings of nostalgia. That is, you would not think that other people seeing the house for the first time would be mistaken if they denied that it is connected with nostalgia, because you recognize that this house is connected with nostalgia for you but not necessarily for everyone. The point here is not that we must successfully identify which representations necessarily belong together and which are merely associated contingently, but rather that to be self-conscious we must at least make this general distinction between objective and merely subjective connections of representations. That is the aim of the copula is in them: to distinguish the objective unity of given representations from the subjective. Kant is speaking here about the mental act of judging that results in the formation of a judgment. We must represent an objective world in order to distinguish ourselves from it, and we represent an objective world by judging that some representations necessarily belong together. Moreover, recall from 4. It follows that objective connections in the world cannot simply imprint themselves on our mind. The understanding constructs experience by providing the a priori rules, or the framework of necessary laws, in accordance with which we judge representations to be objective. These rules are the pure concepts of the understanding or categories, which are therefore conditions of self-consciousness, since they are rules for judging about an objective world, and self-consciousness requires that we distinguish ourselves from an objective world. Kant identifies the categories in what he calls the metaphysical deduction, which precedes the transcendental deduction. But since categories are not mere logical functions but instead are rules for making judgments about objects or an objective world, Kant arrives at his table of categories by considering how each logical function would structure judgments about objects within our spatio-temporal forms of intuition. For example, he claims that categorical judgments express a logical relation between subject and predicate that corresponds to the ontological relation between substance and accident; and the logical form of a hypothetical judgment expresses a relation that corresponds to cause and effect. Taken together with this argument, then, the transcendental deduction argues that we become self-conscious by representing an objective world of substances that interact according to causal laws. To see why this further condition is required, consider that so far we have seen why Kant holds that we must represent an objective world in order to be self-conscious, but we could represent an objective world even if it were not possible to relate all of our representations to this objective world. For all that has been said so far, we might still have unruly representations that we cannot relate in any way to the objective framework of our experience. So I must be able to relate any given representation to an objective world in order for it to count as mine. On the other hand, self-consciousness would also be impossible if I represented multiple objective worlds, even if I could relate all of my representations to some objective world or other. In that case, I could not become conscious of an identical self that has, say, representation 1 in space-time A and representation 2 in space-time B. It may be possible to imagine disjointed spaces and times, but it is not possible to represent them as objectively real. So self-consciousness requires that I can relate all of my representations to a single objective world. The reason why I must represent this one objective world by means of a unified and unbounded space-time is that, as Kant argued in the Transcendental Aesthetic, space and time are the pure forms of human intuition. If we had different forms of intuition, then our experience would still have to constitute a unified whole in order for us to be self-conscious, but this would not be a spatio-temporal whole. So Kant distinguishes between space and time as pure forms of intuition, which belong solely to sensibility; and the formal intuitions of space and time or space-time , which are unified by the understanding B160—161. These formal intuitions are the spatio-temporal whole within which our understanding constructs experience in accordance with the categories. So Kant concludes on this basis that the understanding is the true law-giver of nature. Our understanding does not provide the matter or content of our experience, but it does provide the basic formal structure within which we experience any matter received through our senses. He holds that there is a single fundamental principle of morality, on which all specific moral duties are based. He calls this moral law as it is manifested to us the categorical imperative see 5. The moral law is a product of reason, for Kant, while the basic laws of nature are products of our understanding. There are important differences between the senses in which we are autonomous in constructing our experience and in morality. The moral law does not depend on any qualities that are peculiar to human nature but only on the nature of reason as such, although its manifestation to us as a categorical imperative as a law of duty reflects the fact that the human will is not necessarily determined by pure reason but is also influenced by other incentives rooted in our needs and inclinations; and our specific duties deriving from the categorical imperative do reflect human nature and the contingencies of human life. Despite these differences, however, Kant holds that we give the moral law to ourselves, as we also give the general laws of nature to ourselves, though in a different sense. Moreover, we each necessarily give the same moral law to ourselves, just as we each construct our experience in accordance with the same categories. Its highest principle is self-consciousness, on which our knowledge of the basic laws of nature is based. Given sensory data, our understanding constructs experience according to these a priori laws. Practical philosophy is about how the world ought to be ibid. Its highest principle is the moral law, from which we derive duties that command how we ought to act in specific situations. Kant also claims that reflection on our moral duties and our need for happiness leads to the thought of an ideal world, which he calls the highest good see section 6. Given how the world is theoretical philosophy and how it ought to be practical philosophy , we aim to make the world better by constructing or realizing the highest good. In theoretical philosophy, we use our categories and forms of intuition to construct a world of experience or nature. In practical philosophy, we use the moral law to construct the idea of a moral world or a realm of ends that guides our conduct 4:433 , and ultimately to transform the natural world into the highest good. Theoretical philosophy deals with appearances, to which our knowledge is strictly limited; and practical philosophy deals with things in themselves, although it does not give us knowledge about things in themselves but only provides rational justification for certain beliefs about them for practical purposes. The three traditional topics of Leibniz-Wolffian special metaphysics were rational psychology, rational cosmology, and rational theology, which dealt, respectively, with the human soul, the world-whole, and God. In the part of the Critique of Pure Reason called the Transcendental Dialectic, Kant argues against the Leibniz-Wolffian view that human beings are capable of a priori knowledge in each of these domains, and he claims that the errors of Leibniz-Wolffian metaphysics are due to an illusion that has its seat in the nature of human reason itself. According to Kant, human reason necessarily produces ideas of the soul, the world-whole, and God; and these ideas unavoidably produce the illusion that we have a priori knowledge about transcendent objects corresponding to them. This is an illusion, however, because in fact we are not capable of a priori knowledge about any such transcendent objects. Nevertheless, Kant attempts to show that these illusory ideas have a positive, practical use. He thus reframes Leibniz-Wolffian special metaphysics as a practical science that he calls the metaphysics of morals. If this was not within his control at the time, then, while it may be useful to punish him in order to shape his behavior or to influence others, it nevertheless would not be correct to say that his action was morally wrong. Moral rightness and wrongness apply only to free agents who control their actions and have it in their power, at the time of their actions, either to act rightly or not. According to Kant, this is just common sense. On the compatibilist view, as Kant understands it, I am free whenever the cause of my action is within me. If we distinguish between involuntary convulsions and voluntary bodily movements, then on this view free actions are just voluntary bodily movements. The proximate causes of these movements are internal to the turnspit, the projectile, and the clock at the time of the movement. This cannot be sufficient for moral responsibility. Why not? The reason, Kant says, is ultimately that the causes of these movements occur in time. Return to the theft example. The thief decided to commit the theft, and his action flowed from this decision. If that cause too was an event occurring in time, then it must also have a cause beginning in a still earlier time, etc. All natural events occur in time and are thoroughly determined by causal chains that stretch backwards into the distant past. So there is no room for freedom in nature, which is deterministic in a strong sense. The root of the problem, for Kant, is time. But the past is out of his control now, in the present. Even if he could control those past events in the past, he cannot control them now. But in fact past events were not in his control in the past either if they too were determined by events in the more distant past, because eventually the causal antecedents of his action stretch back before his birth, and obviously events that occurred before his birth were never in his control. In that case, it would be a mistake to hold him morally responsible for it. Compatibilism, as Kant understands it, therefore locates the issue in the wrong place. Even if the cause of my action is internal to me, if it is in the past — for example, if my action today is determined by a decision I made yesterday, or from the character I developed in childhood — then it is not within my control now. The real issue is not whether the cause of my action is internal or external to me, but whether it is in my control now.
Иммануил Кант: философ, присягнувший на верность Российской империи
| Kant, Emmanuel - Persée | Последние дни Иммануила Канта: Directed by Philippe Collin. |
| Канте может перейти в «Арсенал» летом - Чемпионат | Эммануэль Кант, 07.08.2001. Доступны для просмотра фотографии, лайки, образование. |
| Последние дни Иммануила Канта (1996) | Подробная информация о фильме Последние дни Иммануила Канта на сайте Кинопоиск. |
| «Мы в центре мощнейшей когнитивной войны»: Алиханов объяснил, почему нужна ревизия учения Канта | Иммануил Кант – самый русский из европейских и самый европейский из русских философов. Он родился и всю жизнь работал в Кенигсберге – сегодня это Калининград, несколько лет даже. |
«Эммануил Кант скачать все альбомы»: в социальных сетях шутят о философе
Он был одним из самых значимых мыслителей эпохи Просвещения. Его труды « Критика чистого разума » и « Критика практического разума » затрагивали фундаментальные вопросы бытия, освещали вопросы пространства и времени. Работы Канта вдохновили следующие поколения философов и даже Альберта Эйнштейна. Сам Иммануил Кант был увлеченным своим делом ученым, талантливым преподавателем и эксцентричным, но при этом общительным человеком. О занимательных фактах из его биографии рассказываем в нашем материале. Не любил учебу в гимназии Родители отдали маленького Иммануила в обычную школу на окраине города. Однако друг семьи, немецкий богослов Франц Шульц, отметил способности мальчика и порекомендовал перевести его в престижную гимназию «Фридрихс-Коллегиум». А отучившись здесь, можно было рассчитывать на высокие должности в церкви и государственных учреждениях. Иммануил Кант изучал в гимназии древние языки, Библию, философию, древнегреческую литературу, теологию, логику. Школа отнимала почти все его время, а на протяжении учебного года у него был всего один выходной в неделю — воскресенье.
Практически по всем предметам будущий философ имел высокие баллы. При этом воспоминания о годах в гимназии были не самыми приятными. Уже будучи взрослым, Кант сравнивал свое обучение с рабством, а также критиковал жестокость учителей, от которых доставалось его одноклассникам. Начал писать свою первую работу в 20 лет Один из главных трудов Канта — «Критика чистого разума» — вышел в 1781 году, когда автору было уже 57 лет.
Он родился и всю жизнь работал в Кенигсберге — сегодня это Калининград, несколько лет даже был российским подданным. Тем не менее в нашей стране созданная им теория не столь популярна. В чем причины русского «антикантианства»?
Активировать образ мыслителя следует, назвав ученое звание и прибавив «Здравствуйте» или «Добрый день». Во-вторых , не стоит задавать ему вопросы, пока внизу горит красная полоса-бегунок — кант в это время размышляет, копаясь в своем выдающемся искусственном интеллекте. Алексей Быков, руководитель цифрового экспоната «Беседа с Кантом»: «Встречаемся с разными сложностями из-за того, что искусственный интеллект работает с библиотеками распознавания речи с открытым кодом. Иногда бывают у нас сбои из-за этого. Мы его постоянно дорабатываем». Что точно не нуждается в доработке уже сейчас — это фразы, которые использует цифровой Иммануил Кант во время беседы.
But what he cannot and should not do is encourage the Nazi regime in Estonia to attack their Orthodox Christian monasteries because they will not break with the Moscow Patriarchy. And, if Scholz wants to go all Kant on us, he should refresh his mind on what both Kant and Mendelssohn had to say on the sort of religious oppression we see the Estonian, Ukrainian and similar states meting out to Orthodox Christians. Scholz and those Americans he must answer to have no interest in Kant, in Mendelssohn or in any German or other philosopher worth their salt. If Westerners want to cite Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy or any other great Russian to have a pop at Putin, well then they should, as the Yanks say, bring it on. But engagement no longer seems to be their thing. Gone are the days of the greatest of Germans and Europeans like Leibniz gracing the court of Peter the Great and in are drag clowns like Zelensky dancing like a cut price Salome to titillate, for a price, Scholz and his uncultured ilk. Call me old-fashioned but I would prefer to have Putin and everyone else reading the German greats than to have German embarrassments like Scholz and that insufferable von der Leyen parasite not only pull that once great nation into the gutter but drown her in their own rank ignorance and myopia.
Emmanuel Kant
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| Кант Иммануил | Эммануэль (а именно такое имя при рождении получил будущий гений философии) Кант родился 22 апреля 1724 года в Кёнигсберге в семье шорника – мастера по изготовлению. |
| Immanuel Kant and Nazism | | Полузащитник «Челси» Н'Голо Канте дал предварительное согласие на переход в «Арсенал» по окончании сезона, сообщает Fichajes. |
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| Kant, Emmanuel - Persée | Emmanuel Kant. Biden Admin Reverses Trump Policy, Readies More Tax Funds For Research Using Aborted Babies. P. Gardner Goldsmith | April 18, 2021. |
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| Голосование "Великие имена": в самолётах Канта уже называют "Эммануилом" | Новости компаний. |
| Emmanuel Kant, no place to chance! | Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Emmanuel Kant stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. |
| The Last Days of Immanuel Kant (1993) - IMDb | Иммануил Кант – самый русский из европейских и самый европейский из русских философов. Он родился и всю жизнь работал в Кенигсберге – сегодня это Калининград, несколько лет даже. |
| Голосование "Великие имена": в самолётах Канта уже называют "Эммануилом" | Kant observed that men formed states to constrain their passions, but that each state sought to preserve its absolute freedom, even at the cost of “a lawless state of savagery.”. |