EUGENE VICTOR DEBS (1855-1926) was one of the greatest and most articulate advocates of workers’ power to have ever lived. The socialist party member, Eugene Debs ran for the US presidential elections five times from 1900 to 1920. 20 октября 1926) был американским социалистом, политический активист, профсоюзный деятель. Bernie and Eugene Debs cadence and intonations are eerily similar but in the most comforting way.
Победитель
Актёр Марк Руффало читает отрывок знаменитой антивоенной речи коммуниста и профсоюзного лидера Юджина Дебса. The socialist party member, Eugene Debs ran for the US presidential elections five times from 1900 to 1920. I’m not sure whether Donald Trump has ever heard of Eugene Debs, the austerely incorruptible early leader of America’s Socialist Party.
«Формат с двумя картами ведёт к ничьим» — Ceb о групповой стадии ESL One Birmingham 2024
The Burlington railroad strike of 1888 lasted for most of the year, and ended with the complete defeat of the strike as the company managed to replace the entire striking workforce, but not before at least two striking workers had been killed by strikebreakers across the course of the year. Following this event, Debs began to become convinced of a more confrontational and unyielding approach, rooted in industrial unionism rather than craft unionism. In 1893, Debs would help found the American Railway Union , one of the first industrial unions in the United States and one of the largest labor unions of the time. Following early success with a strike on Great Northern Railway, the ARU would soon find itself involved with a strike by workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company in May 1894, following lay-offs and wage cuts along with high living costs in the Pullman company town. Debs was initially reluctant to support the strike due to his concerns over its potential risks and wherever the ARU had the capability to support it. Nevertheless, the strike went ahead anyway beginning on May 11, as union workers refused to handle Pullman train cars or any cars attached to them.
Debs decided to support the strike, as thousands of rail workers across the country staged walk-outs in process. In response, the federal government ordered a military crackdown in July, on the rationale that strikers had disrupted US Mail services distributed via Pullman cars.
For most of the 1880s, Debs continued to preach the virtues of industrial cooperation and to discourage confrontations with either employers or the government. He began a successful political career, winning election in 1879 and 1881 as the city clerk of Terre Haute, and served one term in the Indiana State Assembly in 1884. One year later, he married Katherine Metzel, the daughter of prosperous German immigrants who owned a local drugstore. The couple would have no children. His ideas began to change in 1886, however, during a yearlong strike against the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The strike led Debs to question whether large corporations could be truly committed to either industrial cooperation or popular democracy. He also began to believe that organizing unions along trade or craft lines rather than on an industrial basis made it more difficult for workers to join together in common struggle against the growing power of the corporations.
Union officials called for a national boycott of Pullman cars, asking the other railroad unions to honor the boycott by refusing to work on trains pulling the cars. Despite widespread support, when the railroads convinced President Grover Cleveland to send in federal troops to enforce an injunction against interfering with the U. ARU leaders, including Debs, were arrested on conspiracy charges and were sentenced to six-month jail terms for disregarding the injunction. Running for president himself in 1900, Debs received 96,000 votes and in 1901 merged his party with supporters of the reformist wing of the Socialist Labor Party to form the Socialist Party of America.
В это время он выступает на митингах, призывая рабочих вести последовательную борьбу против капиталистов.
Первую треть своей жизни Юджин Дебс посвятил созданию и расширению профсоюзного движения. Стремился к объединению многочисленных рабочих профсоюзов в один сильный глобальный профсоюз. Но его замыслам было не суждено сбыться. После провала « Пульмановской забастовки » — самой массовой забастовки того времени, Дебса заключают в тюрьму на шесть месяцев. На суде его защищал известный адвокат Кларенс Дэрроу , уйдя с должности корпоративного юриста на Северо-западной железной дороге, чтобы солидаризироваться с делом Юджина Дебса.
Дэрроу а также один из лидеров американских социал-демократов Виктор Бергер и побудил Дебса ознакомиться с социалистическим учением. Именно в тюрьме, читая труды социалистов в частности, Эдварда Беллами , Роберта Блэтчфорда , Карла Каутского и Карла Маркса , Дебс начинает приходить к мысли, что сам по себе профсоюз, не имеющий политической поддержки, не может эффективно помочь рабочим в их борьбе за улучшение условий труда. Являясь одним из организаторов-учредителей вначале Социал-демократической, а потом Социалистической партии США, Дебс много путешествует по стране с целью проведения лекций на темы социализма. Агитация Юджина Дебса и его кандидата в вице-президенты Эмиля Зайделя В 1904, 1908, 1912 и 1920 годы Юджин Дебс выдвигается кандидатом от Социалистической партии Америки для участия в избирательной кампании на пост президента США. В 1904 году за кандидата Дебса проголосовало всего около 20 тысяч избирателей.
В 1908 году Дебс получил уже около 500 тысяч голосов. После 1921 года Дебс отходит от активной политики и сосредотачивается на агитационной деятельности в пользу социализма. Вплоть до своей смерти, Дебс путешествует по Америке, устраивая лекции при поддержке своего брата Теодора Дебса. В течение своей жизни, Дебс часто нуждался в деньгах, для себя, организаций, основателем которых являлся, а также для поддержки партийных газет и журналов, редактором которых был он или его брат. На покрытие этих и других расходов у Дебса часто уходили все его сбережения.
В пору кризиса для покрытия долгов профсоюзных организаций Дебсу приходилось брать кредит на своё имя. Высказывания Дебса[ править править код ] «Пока существует низший класс — я к нему отношусь, пока есть преступники — я один из них, пока хоть одна душа томится в тюрьме — я не свободен». Хроника жизни Ю. Дебса[ править править код ] Виктор Юджин Дебс 5 ноября 1855 года в г.
Sixty had been injured. Over 700 had been arrested. The Pullman Co.
Any advances made by an organized working class would be reversed once the capitalists regained absolute power, often by temporarily mollifying workers with a few reforms. Debs feared the rise of the monolithic corporate state. Walter Rauschenbusch, a Christian theologian, Baptist minister and leader of the Social Gospel movement , thundered against capitalism. He equated the crucified Christ with the abolitionist John Brown. That wrong is also done to us, And they are slaves most base, Whose love of right is for themselves And not for all the race. It was also a period beset with violence, including anarchist bombings and assassinations. An anarchist killed President William McKinley in 1901, unleashing a wave of state repression against social and radical movements.
Striking workers engaged in periodic gun battles, especially in the coalfields of southern West Virginia, with heavily armed company goons, National Guard units, paramilitary groups such as the Coal and Iron Police , and the U. Debs, although a sworn enemy of the capitalist elites, was adamantly opposed to violence and sabotage, arguing that these actions allowed the state to demonize the socialist movement and enabled the destructive efforts of agents provocateurs. The conflict with the capitalist class, Debs argued, was at its core about competing values. They would always seek to use the law as an instrument of oppression and increase profits through machines, a reduction in wages, a denial of benefits and union busting. They would sacrifice anyone and anything—including democracy and the natural world—to achieve their goals. He knew that corporate power is countered only through organized and collective resistance by workers forced to fight a bitter class war. Debs turned to politics when he was released from jail in 1895.
Debs was a powerful orator and drew huge crowds across the country. In his speeches and writings he demanded an end to child labor and denounced Jim Crow and lynching. As a presidential campaigner he traveled from New York to California on a train, called the Red Special, speaking to tens of thousands. He helped elect socialist mayors in some 70 cities, including Milwaukee, as well as numerous legislators and city council members. He propelled two socialists into Congress. In the elections of 1912 he received nearly a million votes, 6 percent of the electorate. Eighteen thousand people went to see him in Philadelphia and 22,000 in New York City.
He terrified the ruling elites, who began to institute tepid reforms to attempt to stanch the growing support for the socialists. Debs after the 1912 election was a marked man. At first they were opposed by the people and denounced by the press. But it did not fail.
OPINION: A day with Eugene Debs
| Джо Байден | Although it is well-known that Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party nominee, ran for president while imprisoned in 1920, this Seattle Times story provides many interesting details. |
| Юджин В. Дебс — рыцарь борьбы за свободу | A Democratic activist who writes under the pseudonym “Eugene Victor Debs” at the FrumForum has taken me to task for arguing in my forthcoming book and in a recent blog post that President Obama. |
| Eugene V. Debs | AFL-CIO | The socialist leader Eugene Debs was jailed for opposing World War I. It didn’t stop his presidential campaign. |
| В ЭТОМ Я ВИНОВЕН (Из речи Юджина Дебса, опубликованной 12 сентября 1918 г.): pet_and — LiveJournal | By 1918, Eugene Debs was a veteran labor activist and a revered figure in the American left of the era. |
Юджин Дебс – цитаты
| This Day in Esoteric Political History: Eugene Debs: Lock Him Up (1919) on Apple Podcasts | Labor leader, radical, Socialist, presidential candidate: Eugene Victor Debs was a homegrown American original. |
| Eugene Debs | Информация Новости Контакт Род занятий. TikTok for Good Реклама Developers Прозрачность TikTok Rewards TikTok Embeds. |
| OPINION: A day with Eugene Debs | The standard biography of Eugene Debs is Nick Salvatore’s Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982). |
| Юджин Дебс, «Мы пришли освобождать рабочий класс» | Socialist politician and trade unionist Eugene V. Debs, the preferred candidate of the Forverts and namesake of our radio signal, WEVD, ran for president in 1920 from the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. |
| eugene debs - YouTube | Новости на Google News. |
Юджин В. Дебс - Eugene V. Debs
| Eugene V. Debs, the Five-Time Socialist Candidate for President Who Once Campaigned From Prison | In 1920, Socialist Eugene V. Debs ran for the Oval Office from the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, where he was known as "prisoner 9653," according to Smithsonian Magazine. |
| Премия Юджина В. Дебса | The latest developments in Trump's legal battles are drawing comparisons to the historical presidential bids of socialist and anti-war activist Eugene V. Debs, who, despite not winning the. |
| OPINION: A day with Eugene Debs | Eugene Debs was a union leader, a Socialist, and a presidential candidate who ran for office from behind bars. |
OPINION: A day with Eugene Debs
Perhaps the Democrats regarded Trump as the weakest Republican candidate they might face in 2024, and sought to ensure his renomination. Such a deeply Machiavellian strategy might be possible, but all of these various prosecutions and trials will surely keep Trump at the top of the news cycle from now until November 2024, whether Election Day finds him still on trial or already serving time behind bars. As of a week ago, Trump had already been facing 71 separate state and federal felony indictments. Then he was struck by the weightiest federal charge of all, accusing him of organizing a conspiracy to overturn the 2020 election results.
These days American society is deeply polarized and most of the charges against Trump will be tried in venues such as DC, Manhattan, and Atlanta where the jury-pools are sure to be heavily larded with Trump-haters. With so many dozens of serious charges against him, our 45th President seems likely to end up behind bars. These latest indictments finally moved longtime progressive columnist and cartoonist Ted Rall into that same camp of outright Trump sympathizers.
The massive vilification of Trump in such quarters indicates that those elites fear Trump as their most dangerous foe, so many voters may eventually conclude that the enemy of their enemy is at least worth a casual vote on the November ballot. But although countless American candidates throughout our history have bitterly complained about stolen elections and sometimes contested the outcomes, our rabidly partisan Democratic prosecutors have now decided to treat that behavior as a crime, apparently hoping to destroy their Trumpian nemesis using the power of the courts. This judicial innovation may be unique in the developed world and seems extremely rare even outside it.
Rather than being prosecuted and imprisoned, AMLO eventually gave up on his unofficial presidency and after creating a new party as his vehicle, ran for president a third time in 2018, winning in a huge landslide despite any election fraud. Fortunately for AMLO, his protests of a stolen election had occurred in 2006, long before Trump entered the scene, so any attempt by his own government to prosecute and imprison him would have surely been denounced and ridiculed by the American establishment as an outrageous violation of basic democratic principles. But these days, the globally-dominant and Trump-hating American media plays a very different tune, so the precedent of prosecuting a losing candidate for protesting alleged election fraud may soon spread worldwide.
In Brazil, the conservative establishment had used a somewhat doubtful corruption conviction to block former President Lula from seeking to regain the presidency , but once it was overturned by the courts, he successfully did so, and his own courts then used the excuse of election protests to prohibit his defeated rightwing opponent President Bolsonaro from trying to do the same in four years time. In India, the ultra-rightwing Modi government is overwhelmingly popular, but still decided to take no chances. The parliamentary opposition is led by Rahul Gandhi, the son, grandson, and great-grandson of past Prime Ministers, but the government prosecuted him for making a public statement seeming to imply that Modi was crooked, successfully banning him from politics as a consequence, though on Friday a court overturned the verdict.
I fear that all too many democratic or semi-democratic governments around the world will now eagerly seize upon the innovative electoral strategy pioneered by our own Democratic Party and henceforth use judicial means to eliminate their political rivals.
Fighting ended in 1921, but before then Debs had already created a new Congress. Debs spent the last five years of his life turning the USSA into the Communist country he had worked for. This, however, was difficult in the state that the economy was in, so he allowed some capitalist practices to remain until the country was rebuilt.
Moreover, while the ferociously anti-Trumpist media would never admit the possibility, the Donald and his angry supporters actually have a very strong case in their bitter complaints of a stolen 2020 election. I explained those simple facts back in January 2021. Although hardly suggested by our mainstream media, the officially-reported results demonstrated that our 2020 presidential election was extraordinarily close. All the regular pre-election polls had shown the Democratic candidate with a comfortable lead, but just as had been the case four years earlier, the actual votes tabulated revealed an entirely contrary outcome. But control of the White House depends upon the state-by-state tallies, and these told a very different story. Incumbent Donald Trump lost Arizona, Georgia, and Wisconsin by such extremely narrow margins that a swing of less than 22,000 votes in those crucial states would have gotten him reelected.
With a record 158 million votes cast, this amounted to a victory margin of around 0. So if just one American voter in 7,000 had changed his mind, Trump might have received another four years in office. One American voter in 7,000. Such an exceptionally narrow victory is extremely unusual in modern American history. More recently, George W. Bush won a narrow reelection over Sen.
John F. If our incompetent or dishonest media had correctly reported these simple facts, perhaps Democratic partisans would have been somewhat more understanding of the outrage expressed by so many of their Republican counterparts, who believed they had been cheated of their election victory. Furthermore, not only was the 2020 Presidential election remarkably close, but any objective examination of the facts clearly proves that outcome was stolen from Trump. This easily explains the widespread protests by his supporters in DC on January 6th, as I discussed a few days later. After all, if they sincerely believed that a Trump victory would be catastrophic for America why would they not use every possible means, fair and foul alike, to save our country from that dire fate?
Within a year, he was promoted to fireman, and given the task of shovelling coal into the fireboxes. According to the Debs Foundation , he also attended night classes at a local business school. But, according to the New Yorker , Debs lost his job during the Panic of 1873. This led him to move to East St. Louis as he looked for work, but within two years, Debs returned to Terre Haute. Debs joined the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and helped create the Terre Haute local chapter in 1875. According to " Eugene V. By 1880, Debs was made editor-in-chief. That year, he was also made national secretary-treasurer of the union. Finding Dulcinea reports that Debs also dipped his toes into public politics. In 1879, starting out as a Democrat, Debs was elected city clerk in Terre Haute, where he served two terms, and in 1885, he was elected to the Indiana state legislature. However, after serving one term on the state legislature, Debs realized that there was little he could do from his position to improve the lives of railroad workers. After being involved in the Burlington Railroad Strike of 1888, where workers were defeated , Debs started to envision a more unified front for railroad workers. But in response to the " limited craft organization of the Brotherhood ," where brotherhoods were separated based on the work that was being done, such as fireman or switchmen, Debs left the organization and founded the American Railway Union ARU in Chicago in 1893, according to the Debs Foundation. Debs believed that this organization would allow all railroad workers to be united, making it more difficult for railway owners to break strikes by simply hiring replacement workers. According to the New Yorker , Debs initially tried to get the Brotherhood to expand to an industrial union, but Samuel Gompers, labor union leader of the American Federation of Labor, wanted the men to join his union instead, which was "far less radical. The Illinois Labor History Society writes that workers were joining the American Railway Union at a rate of almost 2,000 new members per day and before long, the American Railway Union had almost 150,000 members. Aafter hearing Jennie Curtis , a leader of the seamstress workers for the Pullman car shops, give a rousing speech, the ARU voted to support the Pullman workers in their strike and decided to refuse to work "any trains that included Pullman cars," according to Illinois Labor History Society. With the ARU behind them, the Pullman Strike was able to bring train traffic in several states to a standstill for over three months. According to ThoughtCo , by July, the strike spread across the nation and "almost all train traffic to states west of Detroit had been stopped because of the boycott. After workers ignored the injunction, the U. Army was sent in and broke the strike.
Юджин Дебс – цитаты
Redefining masculinity for the betterment of society as a whole, and offering men and boys a version of manhood where they can be their authentic The standard biography of Eugene Debs is Nick Salvatore’s Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982). История злоключений Юджина Дебса, или как американское правительство боролось с «пятой колонной» в годы Первой мировой войны. Eugene Victor Debs left school at the age of fourteen, to scrape paint and grease off the cars of the Vandalia Railroad, in Indiana, for fifty cents a day.
The Untold Truth Of Eugene V. Debs
В 1904, 1908, 1912 и 1920 годы — Юджин Дебс выдвигается кандидатом от Социалистической партии Америки для участия в избирательной кампании на пост президента США. Оффлейнер Team Spirit Магомед 'Collapse' Халилов и саппорт OG Себастьян 'Ceb' Феликс Альбер Дебс в интервью на ESL One Birmingham 2024 поделились мнениями. It’s a stewing sense of unfairness last tapped to broad affect by a couple of his political heroes: socialist presidential candidates Eugene Debs and Norman Thomas, each of whom lost five times in the early. For decades, many of Eugene Debs’s admirers have claimed that the socialist leader was a good, patriotic American unsullied by a foreign doctrine like Marxism. Дебс, Юджин — Юджин Дебс Eugene V. Debs профсоюзный лидер Дата рождения: 5 ноября 1855(1855-11-05) Место рождения: Терре-Хот, Индиана, США Дата смерти: 20 октября 1926(1926-10-20) (70 лет) Место смерти: Элмхёрст, Иллинойс, США Юджин Виктор Дебс. Себастьян «Ceb» Дебс считает капитана BetBoom Team Виталия «Save-» Мельника одним из самых сильных игроков четвертой позиции на про-сцене Dota 2. Киберспортсмен выделяет его.
Eugene Debs and the Kingdom of Evil
Redefining masculinity for the betterment of society as a whole, and offering men and boys a version of manhood where they can be their authentic The latest and best Eugene Debs news and articles from the award-winning team at Май 21, 2013 0 Комментариев 24 мая в Петербурге пройдет презентация сборника статей легендарного деятеля рабочего и социалистического движения США Юджина Дебса.
June 16, 1918: Eugene V. Debs Speech Against WWI
Workers taking businesses from the bourgeoisie is the right thing to do. It is my hope that American workers rise up and seize the businesses of the bosses and that the government seizes the bank accounts of those bosses. Ayn Rand called that looting. I am in favor of such looting. Robert K Stock on April 4, 2023 at 3:25 am said: I am not writing a book. I am not writing a dissertation.
I am not giving a public address. If I were then I would need to provide sources. What we are doing is having a conversation as if we are at a kitchen table drinking coffee. Follow up questions? Cite sources?
Hell no! I think you are one of the many pseudonyms used on this site. MaxZim V Zaslon on April 4, 2023 at 3:37 am said: Bubs, if you think you have no faith, why is it that you have so much faith that I am some boogeyman of yours? You seem quite convinced. You are advancing something just a technical hair short of a positive claim.
Provide your evidence. Read about biofeedback loops and the power of positive thinking. Whatcha know about that? I know all about that! White Supremacist — check.
Christian — check. Russian Orthodox Church. Taliban — to the extent this Islamic concept even translates into Christianity at all, it means religious student. Fair enough, I am an amateur self taught student of theology, among many other topics. Republicans are my favorite US major party.
Government should be far more local than that, other than military national defense, which has nothing to do with political parties, or at the very least ought not to. You read Archipelago Gulag 40 years ago? Congratulations, ignoramus. Read it again, and every published public writing by and about Solzhenitsyn. Read his entire website.
Read Dugin. Your arrogance and your ignorance are in a neck and neck race to the bottom, are they not?
Debs was a charter member and was elected recording secretary. Debs believed that small, disparate, class- and trade-driven unions possessed little power to influence social change for their members. National Archives at Chicago, RG 21 Instead, Debs reasoned that his recently formed American Railway Union ARU was the model organization to unite all railway workers in a powerful, national, and united voice in the industry. Paul to Seattle. On July 2, 1894, federal judges in Chicago issued an injunction prohibiting Debs and the strikers from interfering with the regular transmittal of mail via the railroad. As the strike spread and the injunction failed to halt the strikers, Pullman and other railroad owners called on President Grover Cleveland for support. The President sent in Regular Army troops to quell the violence and subdue the strikers.
Convicted of violating the injunction, Debs was sentenced to six months in jail.
Woodrow Wilson, which was won by the latter. Historian James Chace, former managing editor of Foreign Affairs, told that story in an interesting 2004 book. So once the votes were counted and after a failed attempt to negotiate peace , Wilson soon reversed himself and took America into the stalemated European conflict.
Armies of many millions had already spent several years clashing on the Western Front, and only an enormous American force could tip the balance, so Wilson enacted a military draft, the first and only such measure in our national history except for the Civil War fought more than two generations earlier. Forcing millions of Americans to fight and die thousands of miles from home in a foreign war proved extremely unpopular in many parts of the country, and harsh sedition laws were soon passed, threatening long prison sentences for anyone who challenged those controversial government policies. That exemplary punishment hardly deterred him or his committed supporters, so the Socialist Party nominated him as its candidate in the 1920 Presidential race. Despite campaigning from his prison cell, he still won nearly a million votes—3.
That achievement probably became the most memorable incident of his long career, and was almost always worth a sentence in history textbooks written many decades later. Depending upon the speed of the judicial process, we face the very real prospect of former President Donald J. Trump running—and winning—the Presidency while sitting on his cot in state or federal prison. His bitter political enemies recognized the enormous, unfiltered power of that latter communication tool, and after he reached the White House, they exerted enormous pressure upon Twitter to begin censoring him.
The notion of an American tech company restricting the political speech of a sitting American President seemed like something out of a Monty Python sketch, but it actually happened. Meanwhile, many of his leading activist supporters and pundit allies were completely purged from that platform , blows that greatly hindered his reelection campaign. With Trump banned from Twitter in early 2021, his political standing soon ebbed away as more and more of his low-information political base gradually forgot about him. This led many observers to conclude that his time had passed and some rival would likely capture the Republican nomination in the 2024 primaries.
With such exciting new topics, the endless Trump Political Reality show had suddenly returned as popular entertainment, regaining the very high ratings it had previously enjoyed. Trump once again became the great hero of his populist Republican supporters, with recent polls showing he was drawing far more support in the 2024 primaries than all his Republican rivals combined.
Лудлоу, штат Колорадо; призывает рабочих к сопротивлению. Дебс совершает турне по стране, выступает против войны в Европе, за установление мира между народами, против подготовки США к вступлению в Первую мировую войну. Публикует много сильных антивоенных статей.
В этой победе он видел приближение окончания войны, усиление социалистического движения в США. Дебс опубликовал статью «Душа русской революции». Дебс произносит свою знаменитую антивоенную речь в г. Кантоне, штат Огайо, на съезде социалистов. Вскоре последовал арест, а позже за эту и другие речи, за выступления, осуждающие американскую капиталистическую систему, за приветствия российским большевикам Федеральный суд в г.
Кливленде, штат Огайо, осудил Ю. Дебса на 10 лет строгого тюремного заключения.
The Untold Truth Of Eugene V. Debs
I’m not sure whether Donald Trump has ever heard of Eugene Debs, the austerely incorruptible early leader of America’s Socialist Party. I’m not sure whether Donald Trump has ever heard of Eugene Debs, the austerely incorruptible early leader of America’s Socialist Party. The socialist party member, Eugene Debs ran for the US presidential elections five times from 1900 to 1920. Юджин Дебс умер в октябре 1926 года, до последнего уверенный в том, что социалистическая революция может быть задержана, но неизбежно произойдет. В 1904, 1908, 1912 и 1920 годы — Юджин Дебс выдвигается кандидатом от Социалистической партии Америки для участия в избирательной кампании на пост президента США. The socialist party member, Eugene Debs ran for the US presidential elections five times from 1900 to 1920.